From client interview to verdict, this interactive skills course will prepare students for the reality of civil practice. Building on Persuasion & Advocacy (which is a pre-requisite) the course will teach the skills involved in filing and litigating a civil case. Discovery, depositions, and dispositive motions will be addressed along with trial issues and even a few post trial motions.

Course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail.

Prerequisites: Persuasion and Advocacy, Evidence or Evidence: Theory and Practice

Note: Students cannot apply both Advanced Civil Practice (PRMD9218) course and Advanced Criminal Practice (PRMD9219) towards degree requirements.

Building on Persuasion and Advocacy (which is a prerequisite) the course will teach a wide range of litigation skills utilizing a simulated law firm model.

<p>Course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail.</p>

<p>Note: Students can only apply either Advanced Civil Practice (PRMD9218), Advanced Criminal Practice (PRMD9219) or Advanced Civil Practice: The Simulated Law Firm (PRMD9220) towards degree requirements.

</p>

This interactive skills course will prepare students for the reality of criminal practice. Building on Persuasion & Advocacy (which is a prerequisite), the course will teach the skills involved in prosecuting and defending a criminal case. Topics covered will include planning and investigation of a criminal case, development of theories and themes, jury voir dire and selection, witness examination techniques, use of informants, preparation of jury charges, and post-trial motions.

<p>Course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail.



Prerequisites: Persuasion and Advocacy, Evidence or Evidence: Theory and Practice.</p>

<p>Note: Students cannot apply both Advanced Criminal Practice (PRMD9219) and Advanced Civil Practice (PRMD9218) towards degree requirements.</p>

Advanced legal research is designed to build on solid legal-research skills to enable the members of the class, now and later in their professional careers, to develop a research strategy when examining a previously unfamiliar subject. Areas to be covered include the legislature (session laws, statutory compilations, and legislative materials), the executive branch (executive orders, and agency rule-making and adjudication), the judiciary (case records, law-reporting, and court rules), secondary sources (American law Institute publications, legal encyclopedias, texts, law reviews, and specialized legal publications), public international law (treaties, executive agreements, and materials from international organizations such as the United Nations), foreign law, citation systems, and advanced research techniques.

Weekly assignments building on the preceding week’s class to be handed in.

The course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass, and Fail. 
<br/>Prerequisite: Lawyering I (LAW5050) & Lawyering II  (LAW5051)

This skills course combines a theoretical and practical approach to the role of the lawyer as negotiator. It examines the types of negotiation, the role of the lawyer as negotiator, the ethics of negotiation, and the structure of negotiation (including negotiation techniques, planning for negotiation, etc.). The course utilizes simulated negotiations, both bilateral and multilateral, with evaluation and critical analysis by other students and faculty.

Course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail.

<p>Note: Students can only apply either Advanced Negotiation Skills (PRMD9226), Negotiation Skills in Civil Litigation (PRMD9234) and Negotiation Skills in Transactional Lawyering (PRMD9233) towards degree requirements.</p>

The course will teach students to approach their work as lawyers with the purposive perspective of a true advocate who sees his or her role as that of a problem solver. This entails developing an advocate’s mindset from the very outset, structuring one's practice with a clear focus on identifying, shaping, and achieving the client’s goals, and remaining true to that approach every day he or she is engaged in the practice of law -- so true that it informs every step the lawyer takes, not only in direct dealings with clients but also in relationships with law firm colleagues, adversaries in litigation, outside professionals or experts with whom the lawyer interacts, and the court. The course will feature readings and lectures that drive home the importance of a purposive approach to the practice of law and a semester-long project of applying the true advocate's approach to solving a particular client’s problem, from the initial interview to the ultimate resolution of the case.

The course is letter graded.

This course will address the analytical, information-retrieval and reading comprehension skills necessary for success on the Bar exam.  To reinforce these critical skills, the course will focus substantively on the most heavily tested legal rules in three multistate Bar-exam subjects.  Students will learn how each topic has been tested on the MBE, MEE and the essay portion of the New Jersey Bar exam.  The course will include both weekly in-class sessions and on-line assignments designed to sharpen students’ skills and test-taking strategies.  At the end of the course, students will take a final exam containing both multiple-choice and essay questions that mirror what students will confront on the Bar exam.  Enrollment is limited to students entering their final year of law school, with priority given to those entering their final semester. 

<p>Course is graded Pass or Fail.



Note:  Course does not count towards the 15 credit limit on Legal Practice and Self-Directed Work Credits. </p>

The Weekend Bootcamp Bar Exam Workshop is a 2-Day program that will provide students with an introduction to all components of the bar exam. Day 1 will focus on the Multistate Bar Exam (MBE). Day 2 will focus on writing for the bar.  After discussing strategies on how to attack multiple-choice questions, students will complete practice sets focusing on frequently tested issues. The instructor will then provide a review and analysis of each practice set. The instructor will also provide methods, tips, and strategies for approaching the Multistate Essay Exam (MEE) and Multistate Performance Test (MPT).  Students will walk-through both a practice MEE and MPT. The Workshop will include a one-hour take-home exam.

This course studies problems relating to transactions and relationships with multi-jurisdictional elements. It includes: common law rules and theories; underlying policies; modern approaches; constitutional limitations in national and international law; jurisdiction of courts; and the effect of foreign judgments.

In matters of life and death, law enforcement crisis negotiators employ various skills to de-escalate tension, discern interests, and bring about value-creating resolution to conflict. Many of those same skills, traits, and behaviors are common to both the board room and the courtroom. Crisis Negotiation is an experiential role play course that explores the applicability of hostage and barricade expertise to contemporary legal practice. Drawing upon a first-of-its-kind collaboration with the Federal Bureau of Investigation Crisis Negotiation Unit, participants will acquire experience substantially similar to that afforded to law enforcement professionals. The offering will provide in-depth analysis of active listening skills and emotion labeling set within the Harvard Principled Negotiation Model. Cutting-edge scholarship and demonstrated best practices from the field will drive each session. Critical consideration of domestic and international case studies will provide the requisite understanding to translate theory into practice.

Course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail.

Building upon foundational professional skills acquired through the S.D.N.Y. Representation in Mediation Practicum, this offering affords a master class capstone experience. Under licensed faculty supervision, Student Advocates will appear before Magistrate Judges in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey.

Enrollment is restricted to Third- and Fourth-Year students who earn invitation through a competitive application/interview process facilitated by Prof. David M. White, Director of the Conflict Management Program.

Under Professor White’s direct supervision, Student Advocates will represent federal litigants for the limited purpose of settlement conference in civil actions which sound in a variety of tort and contract causes of action.

Student Advocates will: hone interviewing and legal writing skills through the preparation of confidential, ex parte settlement conference submissions; negotiate complex matters; refine their approach to client counseling; and explore the practical contours of professional responsibility.

Student Advocates will assume several client representations in sessions projected to span 3 to 8 hours each in the Newark, NJ or Trenton, NJ federal vicinages. Settlement conferences occur between the hours of 9:00am – 5:00pm to coincide with judicial chambers hours of operation.

Upon successful completion of this semester-long opportunity, Student Advocates will receive 2 Legal Practice Curriculum credits. Academic achievement is graded on the High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail scale.

Pre- or Co-requisite: PRMD9235 (S.D.N.Y. Representation in Mediation Practicum)


Note: Practicum courses require Student Advocates to make a more substantial investment of time than would ordinarily be expected in a 2-credit elective. Student Advocates must demonstrate significant flexibility in scheduling to accommodate meetings and proceedings that fall outside of regular class time. Due to the heightened demands of practicum participation, students are strongly discouraged from taking this offering concurrent with a Center for Social Justice clinic.

This course provides an introduction to the traditional forms of interpersonal and commercial conflict management: negotiation, mediation and arbitration. The class also explores lesser known and emerging hybrid processes including arb-med, early neutral evaluation, med-arb, mini trial, ombuds, online dispute resolution, private judges/juries and summary jury trial. Each method of dispute resolution is explored in a series of classes, and students are introduced to these methods through limited lecture informed by authoritative texts followed by experiential exercises. Students translate theory into practice through frequent participation in demonstrations, fishbowls and role play exercises that approximate real world legal practice. Each student receives detailed faculty and peer critique through the use of the 360-degree feedback model.

<p>Course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail. </p>

This course is intended to provide students with a preview into the early years of practice as a transactional lawyer.  It will ground students with a foundational understanding of the business issues routinely encountered in transactional practice, particularly in the context of M&A transactions.  It will also teach the fundamentals of contract drafting; students will gain an understanding of the various parts of an agreement and learn how to translate the business deal into provisions that address their client’s needs.

It is a fact of modern life that an enormous volume of information is created, exchanged, and stored electronically. Conventional documents originate as computer files; email, text messaging, instant messaging, and social media are taking the place of both telephone calls and postal letters; and electronically stored information (ESI) is commonplace in our personal lives and in the operation of the businesses, public entities, and private organizations. In the past decade, discovery involving word-processed documents, spreadsheets, email, and other ESI has become more routine and no longer a product of large cases involving sophisticated entities. This interactive course is designed to give students an understanding of (1) the legal landscape that has developed since the 2006 electronic discovery (eDiscovery) amendments to federal and state court rules were enacted, (2) how to manage and balance eDiscovery issues that will inevitably arise in their practice, (3) the technology behind the legal issues that arise in the eDiscovery context, and (4) how best to apply traditional legal principles to the ever-changing technologies that continue to develop and contribute meaningfully to the legal discourse on eDiscovery through bi-weekly blog posts about new developments in the law.

<p>Course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail.



Prerequisites: Persuasion and Advocacy, Evidence or Evidence: Theory and Practice</p>

This course analyzes the regulation of proof in judicial proceedings. It includes: burdens of production and persuasion; judicial notice; presumptions; relevance and its counterweights; the fundamental requirements for admission of testimonial, documentary and non-testimonial evidence; the nature and function of expert testimony; the hearsay rule and its exceptions; character evidence; rules of preference; fixed rules of relevance, and rules of exclusion based on non-inferential policies. (Evidence in Practice and in Depth also satisfies the Evidence requirement).

<p>Note: Students cannot apply both Evidence (PRMD7201) and Evidence in Practice and in Depth (PRMD7205) towards degree requirements.</p>

This full-year course provides an alternative to the basic evidence course for those who plan to do trial work, or those who want a more complete coverage than is possible in the three credit course. A single grade will be given for the course, but it will be derived from at least two anonymous grading exercises.

<p>NOTE 1: Students cannot apply both Evidence: Theory and Practice (PRMD7205) course and Evidence (PRMD7201) towards degree requirements.</p>
<p>NOTE 2: Year-long course; 3 credits Fall, 3 credits Spring

This seminar explores the use and limits of expert testimony including but not limited to the testimony of scientists, social scientists, forensic experts and other less formal sources of knowledge. The law of expert testimony is expanding exponentially and thereby causing radical changes in the rules of evidence. Students will study relevant principles of evidence and the origins and basis of key areas of expert testimony. For each area of expertise, the seminar will study origins, the history of its admission, use in the courtroom, the effect of the recent changes in the rules of evidence and the point of view of both the proponent and the opponent. Each student will write a paper and give a presentation on a selected area of expertise. Some of the areas to be studied may include: Ballistics, toolmark identification, fingerprint identification, neutron activation analysis, questioned documents, spectrographic voice identification, narcoanalysis and hypnosis, odontology and DNA, and hair follicle identification.

<p>Prerequisite: Evidence.</p>

The purpose of the course would be to introduce the students to the practical problems involved in regard to the following:

1.  Determining what information to look for in a case in litigation, or under consideration for litigation (how to craft the legal theory of the case and its implications for investigation).  This part of the course concentrates on identifying the elements of the substantive law that are in play in whatever case is under consideration, and also identifying the distribution of the burden of introducing evidence in regard to those issues, in order to outline which issues require the lawyer to insure that information bearing on those issues is obtained.

2.  Determining how best to go about trying to obtain the information identified as potentially available in number 1, above, in other words, how to formulate a specific investigation plan.  This requires detailed fact analysis of the available facts.   

3.  The practical problems of carrying out the investigation plan, and how these differ in different litigation settings and role contexts (civil v. criminal; civil plaintiff v. civil defendant; prosecution v. criminal defendant.).  The interaction between resources, discovery rights (or the lack thereof), and private investigation, and the role of the lawyer in each context, will be considered.

4.  Updating and modifying the theory of the case and the investigation plan as new information is obtained.

 

Course will require written exercises  which will be graded based on students’ clarity of analysis and exposition, and improved proficiency over time.

 

<p>Course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail.</p>

<p> </p>

In this participatory course, offered in an intensive five-day format, students will examine the art of mediation in the context of family law, with a focus on divorce and parenting issues. Professor Elizabeth Vinhal will utilize her knowledge of family law and expertise in clinical education to introduce the salient aspects of family mediation including ethical best practices, the evaluative/facilitative dichotomy, gender/socio-economic power imbalances and mediator certification. Prof. Maurice Robinson will draw upon his professional mediation experiences as both a party representative and third-party neutral. He will facilitate experiential learning through the design and orchestration of student fishbowl exercises, demonstrations and role plays to elucidate the guiding principles in the field of interpersonal conflict management.

<p>Course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail.



</p>

This seminar is designed to help students learn, through practice, how to draft judicial opinions. In order to make the course as realistic as possible, students will draft opinions dealing with motions filed in actual cases pending in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. In most law school classes, students read judicial opinions, but rarely if ever see the pleadings, motions, briefs, and affidavits that lawyers write and from which judges and their clerks work in producing judicial opinions. The availability of court records on the Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) system makes it possible, as never before, for students to have access to those real-world documents. In this seminar students will be assigned motions filed in actual cases and will have to consider every document filed in the case relevant to those motions, conduct appropriate legal research, and draft opinions deciding those motions. The goal for students in the seminar, as it is for law clerks, is to draft opinions that are of sufficiently high quality that a United States District Judge could sign them.

This course studies selected problems involving federal courts, including: the constitutional basis of federal jurisdiction; the judicial role in the separation of powers doctrine; the jurisdictions of the Supreme Court; the federal courts of appeals and the federal district courts; supplemental jurisdiction; conflicts and tensions between federal and state courts; and "Our Federalism" and other aspects of federal court abstention.

<p>Prerequisites: Constitutional Law or Constitutional Law I and II.</p>

Students will learn the unique challenges of working in-house as corporate counsel, developing the perspectives and skills to think and be effective business partners. Each week the students will work either individually or in teams to address simulations and problems covering the different dimensions of an in-house counsel’s job. The simulations may include, risk management, compliance, ethics, governance of the board of directors, crisis management, business strategy, regulatory interpretation for business executives, dealing with regulators, administrative proceedings, internal investigations, contract negotiation, litigation and the management of outside counsel, and employment matters. The intention of the course is to advance the notion that an in-house counsel is a business partner that plays a pivotal role in leading the organization through the anticipation of legal needs to avoid potential disputes. The course will highlight the fact that in-house counsel must not only advise on the law, but additionally navigate complex internal politics, the board of directors, external stakeholders, and regulators. The class will include several in-house guest lecturers and one class consisting of a panel of in-house counsel covering different legal specializations and backgrounds.

Through interactive discussion, drills, and simulation exercises, this intensive three-day course offers students a basic model for interviewing and counseling, provides the opportunity to practice the skills involved, and exposes students to the kinds of problems and ethical issues that can arise in client counseling.  Skills addressed in the interviewing segment include: active listening, question formulation, preliminary problem identification, recognizing legal and non-legal dimensions of a client’s problems, development of a chronological overview, theory development, and concluding the interview.  The counseling segment addresses the process by which, having determined what the client's legal problems are, the lawyer helps the client make decisions by clarifying the client's objectives, identifying potential strategies and solutions and their likely consequences and, when appropriate, providing advice. The final day of class will address more advanced topics such as handling language and cultural barriers, working with translators, ethical issues that may arise in counseling, and assisting difficult clients.

 

The final grade is based on evidence of student preparation; active participation in class discussions, drills, and simulations; and on quality of interviewing and counseling simulations. 

<p>Course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail.</p>

Lawyers involved in corporate work in law firms tell people that they “do deals,” but what does that really mean? This course seeks to answer the question by looking at the three most common types of transactions on which those lawyers work: capital-raising transactions (borrowing money, selling shares, selling debt securities), acquisitions and leases of property, and acquisitions of entire businesses. For each, it seeks to acquaint students with how, mechanically, transactions of that type work; how people choose a transaction structure when more than one is available; what issues the parties and their lawyers must address as they negotiate the transaction’s terms and seek to consummate it; and what the legal documents used to govern and effect the transaction look like. The course also considers basic transaction-related processes, including due diligence investigations and closings.

Prerequisite: Business Associations (CORP7131)

Note: This course (PRMD9275) is not considered a Legal Practice Course (it will not count toward the "Skills Credit Cap"), and it will be assessed with letter grades.

Lawyer as Detective will investigate and report on America’s torture program from its inception in March 2022 until it ended in September 2006. It will include a case study of the Abu Zubaydah. The program was approved to torture him, and he was the first person tortured and the last persons tortured when the dark sites were closed.

Abu Zubaydah has been represented by Professor Denbeaux for almost 12 years.

In addition, the course will publish a profile of all 715 persons charged for January and study the criminal prosecutions of them that are just beginning.

Leadership, Ethics and Decision-Making is a two credit yearlong offering (one credit per semester) as the curricular component of the Leadership Fellows Program. The class will meet for two hours every other week over the course of the fall and spring semesters. The course will include an executive mentoring component and opportunities for experiential learning.
Students will receive a grade on a Pass/Fail basis on the completion of the two semesters, and will be evaluated on the basis of (1) several short writing assignments, (2) class participation in skills-building exercises and (3) contributions to their leadership project.

Course is graded Pass/Fail.

<p>NOTE 1: Course does not count towards the 15 credit limit on legal practice and self-directed work study credits.</p>
<p>NOTE 2: Year-long course; 1 credit Fall, 1 credit Spring

This course examines lobbying and advocacy strategies used to influence the legislative and regulatory process. Students will become familiar with foundational concepts of legislative and regulatory procedure, elected officials and staff roles and responsibilities, the operations of an elected official’s office, and the basics of policymaking process. The course will also cover the laws and regulations governing lobbying activities as well as the role of political contributions in cultivating influence. Emphasis will be placed in identifying the best practices of lobbying and familiarizing students with tools of the trade. The class may also include guest speakers (schedules permitting) who are experts in their field to share their first-hand insights and observations on topic areas.

Students must follow current events and actively engage in discussions pertinent to legislative and regulatory activity at the federal and state levels. The course will require students to participate in several assignments designed to demonstrate their understanding and applied learnings of lobbying and advocacy, including a final assignment designing an advocacy campaign as well as developing opposing views and arguments to the campaigns developed by classmates.

According to recent United States Department of Justice data, nearly 97% of federal criminal prosecutions are resolved without recourse to trial. The plea bargaining process is essential to the timely disposition of those matters. The Professor will instruct this first-of-its-kind offering at Seton Hall Law. Set against the Harvard Principled Negotiation Method, the Professor will examine the most salient moments in a criminal case. These include, pre-indictment advocacy, examination of the grand jury process, review of the federal indictment and the federal information as accusatory instruments, use of cooperation agreements and 5k1.1 letters, the affirmative use of media, consideration of how jury election impacts negotiation and the operative dynamic between the prosecution and defense counsel throughout the plea bargaining process. Students are advised that this 2-credit Legal Practice Curriculum offering will require participation in a six-hour "super session" to be held on a weekend. The exercise will afford participants the opportunity to engage in role plays which approximate practice-based scenarios. The super session will truncate the semester by 3 calendar weeks.

<p>Course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail.



Note: Students can only apply either Negotiation Skills in Civil Litigation (PRMD9234), Negotiation Skills in Transactional Lawyering (PRMD9233) and Advanced Negotiation Skills (PRMD9226) towards degree requirements.</p>

This course is an expanded state court counterpart to the first year Civil Procedure Course, and provides a detailed examination of the rules of litigation, practice and procedure for the New Jersey state courts. Primary emphasis is placed upon the court rules and applicable case law governing civil litigation practice before the New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division, Law Division, Civil and Special Civil Part, and Chancery Division, General Equity and Family Part. The rules of the Superior Court, Law Division, Criminal Part and the N.J. Municipal Courts are also covered. Since rules of practice and procedure vary widely from state to state, this course is especially valuable for a student contemplating practice in New Jersey.

New York Practice and rules differ significantly from federal practice as studied in Civil Procedure I and II. This course focuses on those differences, including: New York's Long Arm Statute; its complex timeliness doctrines; its distinctive motion practice; its unique court structure; and standards for preliminary relief. A student planning to practice in New York is well advised to take this course.

This course provides a strong framework for basic techniques of taking depositions, and explores a variety of questioning methods. The result is that witnesses are encouraged to give expansive, exhaustive answers -- including other potential sources of information -- and that other potential avenues of escape are closed off. Students also learn to theory-test on subjects of importance to the case. Students receive supportive, helpful suggestions on how to improve performance, utilizing frequent repetitions in the learning-by-doing method to help master new techniques. A portion of the program is also devoted to ethical considerations in deposition settings and witness preparation.

<p>Course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail.



Prerequisites: Persuasion and Advocacy, Evidence or Evidence: Theory and Practice</p>

<p> </p>

In this highly participatory course, students will learn the art of persuasion in the context of the courtroom. Exercises and simulations will focus on the integration of storytelling and thematic development into the basic skills of direct examination, cross-examination, opening statements and closing arguments. By the end of the course students should be more able to argue and more likely to win - whether inside or outside the courtroom.

Course is graded High Pass, Pass/D or Fail.

This course undertakes a detailed examination of the substantive law of civil remedies. It considers restitution, damages and the forms of equitable relief, as well as preconditions for the award of specific remedies, measure of recovery and shaping the award.

Through an innovative partnership with the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (“SDNY”), students in this course will represent federal litigants for the limited purpose of representation in court-annexed mediation. Enrollment is restricted to third and fourth year students. Under faculty supervision, students will participate in all material aspects of the attorney-client relationship, including the intake meeting, assessing client interests, negotiating with opposing counsel, drafting a pre-mediation statement and advocating for the client in a mediation to be conducted in Manhattan. The instructor will bifurcate the semester into two components: the study of mediation and the practicum phase. During the initial 5 classes, students will come to understand the nature of federal court-annexed mediation, the various mediator styles and effective client counseling techniques. The Newark Office of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) will conduct a workshop on employment discrimination, the cause of action that plaintiffs most commonly assert in this practicum. The practicum phase will be largely devoted to individualized instruction and interaction with clients and opposing counsel. The course will culminate in a mediation that can range from 3 to 8 hours in Manhattan. Many of those sessions will be held on Fridays between the hours of 10:00am – 5:00pm. *N.B.: Practicum classes require students to make a more substantial investment of time than would ordinarily be expected in a 2-credit elective. Under the faculty supervision of licensed attorneys, participants will conduct in-take meetings with prospective clients and liaise with opposing counsel to explore negotiated settlement. If the litigants are unable to reach an amicable resolution of their differences, then the student advocates will proceed to a court-annexed mediation to be held in Manhattan. These classes require that students be flexible about their schedule and be willing to attend meetings and proceedings that fall outside of the regular class time. Due to the additional demands of a practicum, students are strongly discouraged from taking this class concurrent with a Center for Social Justice clinic.

<p>Course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail. </p>

The transactional skills course is an exciting and practical bridge between the substantive law involved in transactions and the application of law to an actual deal. Focusing on real deals and real problems, experienced adjunct faculty conduct the course in an interactive seminar setting. Part of the course is the negotiation and the drafting of documents associated with a model transaction, such as confidentiality agreements, letters of intent, due diligence document requests, asset purchase agreements and opinions of counsel. Another part of the course focuses on special problems associated with transactions, such as restrictive covenants. Ethical issues encountered in transactional practice are discussed throughout the course. Everyone participates and professors are invaluable sources of in-depth knowledge.

<p>Prerequisite: Business Associations and Federal Income Tax. Course is graded High Pass, Pass, Low Pass or Fail.</p>